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- WORLD, Page 47Beware the Dunce CapsWill the Cultural Revolution repeat itself?
-
-
- To Liu Anyi and his wife Li Lanting, the street scenes in
- Beijing last week seemed eerily reminiscent of another spasm of
- unrest that began to rock China 23 years ago. Then, as now,
- students marched in the streets by the hundreds of thousands,
- waving red flags and chanting slogans defying an entrenched
- political establishment. Destination: Tiananmen Square. Then, as
- now, the demonstrators vilified aging national leaders --
- including, as he must have recalled bitterly last week, Deng
- Xiaoping, then Communist Party General Secretary, who at one point
- was paraded around Beijing wearing a dunce cap.
-
- The students of 1966 were the Red Guards, and for nearly a
- decade their movement convulsed the country in chaos, violence and
- dictatorial excess. Millions of Chinese, including nearly everyone
- who enjoyed a privileged status, were sent to "re-education camps"
- in the countryside, where they underwent humiliating rituals of
- "self-criticism." Political leaders who had been trying to
- modernize China's economy were branded "capitalist roaders" and in
- many cases were read out of the party and power. In the name of
- glorifying the "masses" and "bombarding the bourgeois
- headquarters," libraries were ransacked, factories and schools
- closed, and the country turned completely inward, virtually
- shutting off a billion people from the rest of the world.
-
- Liu Anyi, then a senior manager in the Ministry of Petroleum,
- found himself a target because he had worked on Taiwan prior to
- choosing to return to the mainland shortly before the Communist
- takeover in 1949. "The Red Guards branded me as a big capitalist
- and an undercover (Taiwan) spy," Liu, 71, recalls with a wry smile.
- "They kept me in solitary confinement for over a year and later
- organized a pictorial exhibit of my crimes." These included photos
- of various articles of Western-style dress belonging to Liu and his
- wife that Red Guards had found in the course of ransacking their
- apartment.
-
- Is Liu afraid that the current unrest may lead to a second
- Cultural Revolution? No, mostly because the first explosion was
- inspired and directed by the country's leader, Mao Zedong. "Today's
- protest is a genuine student movement, spontaneous, yet well
- disciplined," he says. "We do not feel threatened." In fact, Liu's
- son and daughter-in-law have gone to Tiananmen Square to show their
- solidarity with the protesters.
-
- But it was with great reluctance that the Lius allowed their
- granddaughter to visit the square. "I fear that a single incident
- could set off a mass panic," says Liu. Liu also concedes that this
- innocent movement could deteriorate into a government backlash that
- might not carry the widespread vindictiveness of the Cultural
- Revolution but that nonetheless would result in a shake-up at the
- top.
-
- Furthermore, despite the uncertainty as to where the student
- demonstrations may lead, there is no evidence that the movement is
- running amuck. Yang Ting (not his real name), a 20-year-old Red
- Guard in 1966 and now an interpreter, recalls with a shudder the
- killing and widespread looting during those years. "From the very
- outset this time, the movement was well organized and the students
- did not harbor any intention to tear apart the Communist Party."
- Another positive sign, he says, is that the "students' demands
- conformed with the wishes and will of the broad masses, especially
- the calls for a crackdown on corrupt officials."
-
- Liu Binyan, a former top journalist on the official People's
- Daily now attending Harvard University as a Nieman Scholar (and no
- kin to Liu Anyi), notes that not all the similarities between the
- Cultural Revolution and this year's protests are superficial. "The
- two major causes of both events -- official corruption and the
- contradictions in ideology among the leaders -- are quite similar,"
- he says. Liu speaks as another of the Cultural Revolution's
- victims: as an "unrepentant rightist," he was among the first group
- of 15 intellectuals purged at Mao's order. Readmitted to the party
- in 1979, he was kicked out again in 1987 for the alleged sin of
- supporting bourgeois liberalization and today is one of the
- country's most prominent dissidents. "Mao was right in attacking
- the privileged party leaders and the emerging new bureaucratic
- class," he says. "His mistake was in pushing the mass campaign
- without changing the political system."
-
- Most of the youths who participated in last week's
- demonstrations are too young to remember the beginnings of the
- Cultural Revolution. According to Liu Binyan, however, graduate
- students and university lecturers who lived through the turmoil of
- those years may have played an important role by giving their
- advice and support to the student movement. For them, says Liu, the
- Cultural Revolution serves partly as an inspiration for today's
- protest -- but also partly as a cautionary tale. "People learned
- a great lesson from the Cultural Revolution. They can no longer
- follow a leader blindly."